02-定语/动词
前面说的名词是词性，而主语是成分.
名词可以做主语，宾语，表语，同谓语，宾补.
而主语也是由６种名词类型充当的
定语
- 修饰名词（能将名词范围从大变小(笼统–>具体)）
- 形容词性
One-third of the students in this class are girls.
One-third是主语,the students是定语(将1/3的范围缩小了),in this class又把the students缩小了.
1.定语分类
可以把定语分为两类
前置定语
- a good boy.(单个,独立,不一定只有一个)
后置定语
- a boy under the tree.(短语,句子)
2.定语构成
副词用作定语
为什么说副词用作定语呢,副词不是修饰动词的吗?
相当于省略掉了动词,如下例子
- People (
living/being)there are very friendly. - He didn’t like the man (
living)downstairs.
形容词短语作定语
- The next man is a scientist.
- The man next to me is a scientist.
介词短语作定语
- The boy under the tree is Tom.
- The tallest boy in our class is John.
现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式做定语
- I have something to say.(to say将something缩小了)
- The boy crying over there is my classmate.
- The house built last year is impressive.
定语从句
- He still remember the day when he first stepped into the Old Trafford.
动词
谓语就是由动词构成的.
动词可以构成谓语和非谓语.
动词又分为以下几类：
助动词
起辅助作用，不能单独构成谓语．
be动词
常用: am、is、are、was、were、be
用法: be+doing/done.
情态动词
常用
- can、could (能够)
- will、would (将要)
- shall、should (应该)
- may、might (可能)
- must、[have to] (必须)
- need、dare (需要)
- had better (最好)
用法: 情态+do.
特点
- 不能单独构成谓语
- 后接动词原形(+do)
- 无人称变化(I can..He can..)
- 有自身含义
狭义助动词
常用: do、does、did
用法: +do
完成助动词
帮助构成完成时.
常用: have、has、had
用法: +done.
作用
- 帮助构成时态
- The boy is crying.(进行)
- He has arrived.(完成)
- I have been painting all day.(完成+进行)
- 帮助构成否定句和疑问句
- Does he like English?(疑问)
- He doesn’t have lunch at home.(否定)
- 帮助构成被动语态
- Trees are planted in spring.(被动)
- The house has been pulled down.(完成+被动)
- *帮助构成虚拟语气
- If he had come yesterday, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.
- *帮助构成到装句
- So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.
- 帮助构成强调意义
- He did come yesterday.
He did(实义) his homework at seven o’clock.
Did(助) he do(实义) his homework yesterday?
实义动词
也叫行为动词，表示具体的动作（分为外部：打你，内部：爱你）
及物动词vt
后面需要接宾语(S+V+O): I love you.[动宾]
不及物动词vi
- 不接宾语(S+V): Time flies.
- 使用介词连接宾语
- (S+V+O): I look at the man[介宾]doesn’t have
- (S+V): The meeting began at six.
系动词
后面接表语，表示主语是什么或怎么样，不表具体动作
表状态
doesn’t haveBe,stay,keep,remain,lie,stand,exist
表感官
fell,smell(闻),taste(尝),look,sound
表变化
become,go,get,turn,fall
表像
seem,appear(似乎，好像)
动词分类的问题：
Be是助动词、实义动词，还是系动词？
- 看他是否辅助动词进行判断助动词和实义动词
- He is(助) playing(实义) football.
- He is(助) asked(实义) to do this job.
- 看它是否表示具体的动作可以区分系动词
- He is(系) a student(状态).
- His hobby is(系) playing football(这是爱好，没有具体的动作).
区分实义动词和系动词
- He goes(实义) to school by bike.
- The food goes(系) bad.(表变化)
- He turns(实义) around.
- The leaves turns(系) yellow.(表变化)