06-宾语/表语/同位语

不同常规的教学方法, 方便理解而不至于死记硬背

宾语

产生宾语的情况

谓语如果是实义动词

1. S+Vt1+O(动宾)

   I play football.

2. S+Vt1+O+OC(Object Complement, 宾补)

3. S+Vt2+IO(Indirect Object,间宾)+DO(Direct Object,直宾)[不好意思, 这么写真的是职业病]

   I told her a story.

4. S+Vi+Preposition(介词)+O(介宾)

广义与狭义宾语之分

He is reading a book under the tree.

狭义上a book是宾语, 后面是状语

广义上a book是宾语, 介词后面也是宾语.

练习1: 判断宾语

• I wanted to buy a car(O).

  to buy是不定式

• I enjoy(vt) listening to popular music(O).

  to是介词, 介宾, listening是动名词, 组合起来才是真正的宾语

• Look at the man(O).

  祈使句, at是介词

• I think (that) he is fit for his office.

  句子做宾语, 叫宾语从句

双宾语之间宾直宾

能有双宾语的句子需要满足三个条件

1. 动词可以接两个主体(指间宾直宾)
2. 这两个主体可以变序
3. 有两个主体

不同的动词后面的两个宾语之间可能会有不同的介词

• 使用to连接间宾: allow, bring, deny, grant, hard, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write.等
  • S+V+IO+DO: She told me a joke.
  • S+V+DO+IO: She told a joke to me.
• 使用for连接间宾: buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play, save, sing, spare等
  • S+V+IO+DO: She bought me a book.
  • S+V+DO+IO: She bought a book for me.

什么时候使用to, 什么时候使用for?

老师将它们分为参与与不参与的情况, 如told的过程需要me参与, bought的过程不需要么参与

具体什么时候使用for/to参考网站http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/201602/4751.html

宾语补足语

例句: She made me sad.

对比双宾语: She told me a joke.

由此得到他们的不同点

宾补	双宾语
Vt1	Vt2
一个主体	两个主体(注意这两个主体是没有联系的)
不可变序	可以变序

补足语练习

1. His father named him(O) Dongming(OC).

2. They painted their boat(O) white(OC).

3. Let the fresh air(O) in(OC).

4. We saw her(O) entering the room.(OC)

5. You mustn’t force him(O) to lend his money to you.(OC)

6. We found everything(O) in the lab in good order.(OC)

   analysis: in the lab是定语, 将everything缩小了, 而补语是对everything的补充, 不会将它缩小.

7. I want your homework(O) done(OC) on time.

8. We will soon make our city(O) what your city is now.(OC, 这是补语从句)

宾语从句

句子作为宾语.

总共有以下五种宾语, 对应五种宾语从句

介宾: S+Vi+prep+O①

• I am thinking of what I can do.

动宾: S+Vt1+O②

• I think that you are pig

宾补:S+Vt1+O③+OC

• I think that we learn English well important.

间宾直宾: S+Vt2+IO④+DO⑤

• I will give whoever comes first whoever he or she wants.

练习例句

• We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.

  analysis: it做形式宾语, a pity是宾补, that she didn’t come here是宾语

谓语如果是系动词

老师将系动词+表语也分为了vi和vt两种(实际上没有, 这是为了方便理解)

• vi

  You are a good person.

  I am interested in it.(介词+宾)

• vt

  I am afraid(adj) that you are wrong.(这里类似宾补, that就是补语从句, 呈上所以有6种宾语从句)

补充知识

主语补足语

有宾语补足语的句子变成被动语态, 宾语变为主语, 宾补也变成了主补, 主补就是对主语的补充说明.

eg: His father named him Rick(宾补).

转换成被动: He was named Rick(主补) by his father(方式状语, 通常省略).

*更多主补句子*

• She was found singing in the next room.
• He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

表语

在系动词后面就是表语.

判定是否主系表时, 将谓语动词换为be动词, 如果意思相近就是主系表

例句

• Our teacher of English is an American.
• Is it yours?(it is yours)
• The weather has turned(系动词) cold.
• The truth is that he has nerver been abroad.(表语从句)

类型

主语和宾语的类型只能是名词,句子, 而表语由形容词, 副词, 句子和介词短语充当

• He is here.
• He is out.

There be

中文意思是：有

为了深入理解这东西, 需要知道两个背景知识

• 倒装—方位介词提前
• 主系表结构倒装既是完全倒装也是不完全倒装

接下来将一个主系表句子倒装

• A book is on the desk.

倒装: On the desk is a book.

这样就”头重脚轻”了, 在主谓宾的倒装句子中, 使用it作形式主语/宾语, 因为it是带名词性的, 但On the desk不同, 它是介词短语(介词+名词), 所以不能用it, 那用什么? 没错, 就是There!

There be: There is a book on the desk.

There是形式表语, on the desk是表语

be与后面的主语人称和数要一致, 有时态和数的变化.

1. 现在时: there is/are…
2. 过去时: there was/were..
3. 将来时: there will be../there is/are going to be..
4. 完成时: there has/have been..
5. 可能有: there might be..
6. 肯定有: there must be../there must have been..
7. 过去曾经有: there used to be..
8. 似乎有: there seem/seems/seemed to do..
9. 碰巧有: there happen/happens/happened to do..

可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive 等词代替be动词, 表意更具体

• There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
• There came a shout for ‘help’.(V+S, not P)
• There exists on air on the moon.
• There lies a book on the desk.
• There stands a tree on the hell.

同位语

将两个名词放在主语or宾语位置上, 这两个地位同等

• Shepherd, a 19-year-old boy, is a bad student

• we all love you.

区分宾补,定语,同位语

	同位语	宾补	定语
词性	只能是名词	名词, 形容词, 介词, 副词, 不定式, 现在分词, 过去分词	副词, 形容词, 介词, 不定式, 现在分词, 过去分词
顺序	可变可不变	不能变序	可以变序
范围	不变	不变	缩小

同位语VS宾补

同位语: I love him Morty.(这个Morty===him)

宾补: His father named him Morty.(Morty属于him, him还有其他很多东西)

宾补VS后置定语

宾补: I saw the boy playing basketball.(playing basketball只是the boy的一个角度, 这里明确了the boy)

后置定语: The boy playing basketball is Tom.(the boy是一个笼统的词, 定语将它范围缩小了)

同位语VS后置定语

同位语: Tom, a student, studies hard.

非限制后置定语: Tom, who is a student, studies hard.

一句话理解: I think the boy playing basketball(后置定语), Tom(同位语), handsome(OC).