04-非谓语

要理解非谓语首先要知道抽象思维: 透过表象看本质.

非谓语总的有三大类

• to do
• doing
• done

例子	类型	例子	类型
to be having	to do	to have written	to do
playing	doing	written	done
being built	doing	to come	to do
gone	done	drunk	done

注意: 有些词的过去式和过去分词是一样的, 这时区分非谓语需要看语境

如: make made made

• She made the cake.[主动作谓语]
• The cake made by her is good.[被动作非谓语]

谓语和非谓语

谓语由动词构成, 但动词不只构成谓语, 它还可以构成非谓语.

产生谓语的条件

1. S+V
2. S+V (and-or-but) V/S+V,V and V.
3. S+V 连接词(并, 介) S+V.

英语第一原则:

在主谓结构里面, 只能有一个谓语(其他都是非谓语)

非谓语的本质

名称	抽象	本质	运用
不定式	to do	不确定	将来, 目的, 一次性
动名词	doing	确定	长期, 稳定, 习惯
分词–>现在分词	doing	分身	与谓语动词同步发生
\–>过去分词	done(vi/vt)	省略	vi: 完成. vt: 完成, 被动

实例

1. I would like to come[come] to your party.(不定式)
2. [smoke]smoking is bad.(动名词)
3. I sat there, thinking[think] of her.(现在分词, 我坐在那里, [同时]想着它)
4. I found her gone[go].(vi done, 我发现它走了)
5. I found my bike stolen[steal].(vt done, 我发现我的自行车被偷了)

练习

找出下面句子的谓语, 然后改正错误.

1. Get up early is good for our health.

   analysis: is是一个系动词, 真正的谓语, 而Get up是长期的/习惯性的, 需要改成doing形式

   amend: Getting early is good for our health.

2. I want go home now.

   analysis: want是I产生的谓语, 而go home是不确定的/目的性的

   amend: I want to go home now.

3. My favorite sport is play football.

   analysis: 主系表结构, is才是谓语, play football是长期的

   amend: My favorite sport is playing football.

4. There is a bird sings in the tree.

   analysis: is是谓语, sings应该与它同步发生(现在分词)

   amend: There is a bird singing in the tree.

5. The boy sits over there likes singing.

   analysis: sits属于定语, 修饰主语, 真正的谓语是likes, sits应该与likes同步发生

   amend: The boy sitting over there likes singing.

6. The house was built last year has been sold out.

   analysis: 谓语是has been sold out. was built限制The house, 属于后置定语, 而house与built是被动关系

   amend: The house built last year has been sold out.

7. My parents wanted him work hard.

   analysis: wanted是parents产生的谓语, work是不确定的

   amend: My parents wanted him to work hard.

8. I remember saw him that day.

   analysis: saw是did形式, do形式是see, 应该改为doing形式(确定)

   amend: I remember seeing him that day.

然而一个句子中是可以存在两个do的, 它还是代表一个谓语, 一个非谓语, 下面是老师的分析:

看见(谓语)	某人	做某事(非谓语)
see	sb	正在做—doing
		做完了—to do
		被做—done(vt)
		要做

英语是一个严谨的语言, 看不到要发生的事.

to do本质不确定, 折中后省略to表示做完了(整个过程).

例子

主动省to, 被动还原

• 主动: I saw her to go into the room.
• 被动(be+done): She was seen to go into the room.

英语的被动都偏向不确定(to do)